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Table 3 Illustrating different types of Biomarkers along with their characteristics

From: Early detection of breast cancer through the diagnosis of Nipple Aspirate Fluid (NAF)

Biomarker

Characteristics

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

[76, 80, 88]

Is opposite to the stage of disease, tumor size, node, and distant metastasis.

Thomsen–Friedenreich (TFr) and Tn antigens [77, 78]

Helps to identify cancer or atypia

Testosterone [75, 76]

is effective only in women post menopause

Protein DJ-1 [81]

The mRNA level rises in tissues however the protein level declines

Cytokines/chemokines [82]

CXC and pro-inflammatory C–C chemokines are present at high levels.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), (uPA) urokinase-type plasminogen activator [84, 85]

Aids cancer initiation and progression

Serotransferrin protein (TF) and (FTN) ferritin [89]

Helps in the progression of cancer

C-reactive protein (CRP) [86, 87]

Serum biomarker detects the spread of a variety of cancer

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Clinical Proteomics

ISSN: 1559-0275